Which theory emphasizes crime as a consequence of class struggle and economic conflict?

• A. Left realism
• B. Marxism
• C. Functionalism
• D. Realism

Answer: (B)

Crime arising from class struggle and economic conflict is a hallmark of Marxist criminology. This perspective argues that the capitalist system produces inequality and exploitation, and the law and police operate to protect the interests of the ruling class. Crime is seen not just as individual acts but as a response to deprivation and as a mechanism that helps maintain the economic order. Because it foregrounds how economic relations and power shapes crime and control, it best fits the idea that crime stems from class conflict and economic structure.

Other theories describe crime differently. Functionalism treats crime as part of how society maintains boundaries and cohesion, rather than a direct outcome of capitalist exploitation. Left realism acknowledges inequality and its impact on crime and emphasizes practical policies and victim concerns. Realism concentrates on the practical realities of crime and law enforcement without centering class struggle.