Which theoretical framework explains criminality as related to physiological factors?

• A. Physiological Theories
• B. Learning Theories
• C. Psychological Theories
• D. Sociological Theories

Answer: (A)

Criminality explained through physiological factors is about biology and bodily processes shaping behavior as causes of crime. These theories argue that neurological, genetic, hormonal, or other physiological differences can predispose someone to offend. For example, variations in brain regions linked to impulse control or aggression, neurochemical imbalances, or inherited traits are considered potential contributors to criminal behavior. This approach treats the body as the source of influences, rather than the environment or learning experiences. It contrasts with learning theories, which say crime is learned through conditioning and imitation, psychological theories that focus on personality traits and mental processes, and sociological theories that point to social structures, inequality, and subculture influences. A historical illustration is Lombroso's idea of atavistic tendencies, which framed criminality as a biological throwback, illustrating the long-standing effort to link biology to crime.