Which statement best describes biological theories of criminality?

• A. They attribute criminal behaviour to social environment only.
• B. They deny any physiological influence on behaviour.
• C. They attribute criminal behaviour to brain biology, genetics, or neurophysiology.
• D. They rely solely on rational choice theory.

Answer: (C)

Biological theories of criminality focus on how biology can shape behaviour. They argue that brain biology, genetics, and neurophysiology can influence traits and processes tied to crime—like impulse control, aggression, risk-taking, and susceptibility to mental disorders. This view is supported by ideas such as genetic influences on antisocial tendencies, the impact of brain injuries or atypical brain structures on decision-making, and how neurochemical imbalances can affect behavior. It’s a perspective that centers biological factors as potential causes of criminal acts, even though environmental factors can interact with biology.

The other ideas don’t fit as well because one emphasizes the social environment alone, which ignores biological influences; another denies any physiological role, which contradicts the core premise of biology-based explanations; and the remaining option describes rational choice, focusing on calculated decision-making rather than biological factors.