Unwritten rules shaped by social norms?

• A. Informal Policy Making
• B. Policy Development
• C. Closed-Circuit Television
• D. Penal Populism

Answer: (A)

Unwritten rules shaped by social norms are about how people act according to shared expectations rather than formal rules. This is why informal policy making is the best fit: it captures how practices and decisions are guided by culture, habits, and consensus within a group or organization, not by written statutes or official procedures. In criminology, this means guidelines that aren’t codified can still steer policing, courts, or corrections—discretion, routines, and customary approaches that everyone expects to follow because they’re part of the social norm. The other options describe formal processes or tools (policy development as a formal, codified process; CCTV as a technology; penal populism as a political approach), which don’t capture the idea of rules arising from social norms without formal documentation.