Emphasis on individual responsibility for crime.

• A. Freud
• B. Left realism
• C. Right realism
• D. Realism

Answer: (C)

Right realism argues that crime results from rational, self‑interested choices made by individuals, so it places a strong emphasis on personal responsibility. Proponents believe offenders weigh costs and benefits and decide to commit crimes when the perceived rewards outweigh the risks. Because of that view, policy focuses on deterrence and reducing opportunities for crime through visible policing, swifter punishment, and preventive measures like better lighting, surveillance, and target hardening. In short, crime is seen as a matter of individual accountability and controllable through practical, law-and-order strategies. Freud is about psychological drives, not a criminological stance on responsibility; left realism points to structural factors like poverty and inequality; and realism is a broader term that doesn’t specifically foreground individual accountability in the way right realism does.